杏MAP导航

喈氞瘑喈侧瘝喈掂�班�距疁喁� 喈氞瘋喈氞瘓喈�喈距�｀�苦畷喁嵿畷喈�喁� - 喈掂�む瘝喈む�苦畷喁嵿畷喈距�┼瘝

鈥溹畨喈權瘝喈曕�赤�苦�┼瘝 喈�喈｀�苦�掂�距�脆瘝喈掂瘉 喈�喈┼��喈距�编瘝喈编�む瘝喈む�苦�编瘝喈曕�距�� 喈呧�班瘝喈�喁嵿��喈｀�苦��喁嵿��喁�, 喈�喈｀�苦畷喁嵿畷喈距�� 喈嗋�班瘝喈掂��喁� 喈�喈编瘝喈编瘉喈�喁� 喈囙�班畷喁嵿畷喈む瘝喈む�苦�┼瘝 喈呧�班�掂�｀瘓喈�喁嵿��喁� 喈嗋畷喈苦�� 喈む�苦�班瘉喈呧�掂瘓喈�喈苦�┼瘝 喈�喁傕�┼瘝喈编瘉 喈撪�赤�苦��喈�喈�喈距�� 喈�喈班�苦��喈距�｀畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘓喈曕瘝 喈曕�距疅喁嵿疅喁佮畷喈苦�编�む瘉鈥� 喈庎�┼瘝喈编瘉 喈曕瘋喈编�苦�┼�距�班瘝 喈む�苦�班瘉喈む瘝喈む�ㄠ瘝喈む瘓 喈�喈む�苦�┼�距�┼瘝喈曕�距��喁� 喈侧�苦��喁�.

喈�喁佮�┼�苦�� 喈�喈苦�班�距�┼瘝喈氞�苦�膏瘝 喈�喁傕�┼瘝喈编�距��喁� 喈む瘉喈编�掂瘉 喈氞��喁�, 喈嗋��喁嵿��喈苦�班�苦畷喁嵿畷喈� 喈�喈编瘓喈�喈班��喁嵿��喁� 喈氞��喁�, 喈む瘉喈｀瘓喈�喈距�赤�班�苦�┼瘝 喈�喈｀�苦��喈距�赤�班瘝喈曕�赤瘝 喈氞��喁� 喈嗋畷喈苦�� 喈�喁傕�┼瘝喈编瘉 喈氞��喁堗��喈苦�┼�班瘓喈�喁佮��喁� 喈呧�掂�班瘝喈む��喁� 喈�喁娻�む瘉喈�喁嵿��喁囙�班�掂瘓喈�喁� 喈�喁佮�┼瘝喈┼�苦疅喁嵿疅喁� 喈む�苦�班瘉喈�喁嵿��喁�喈熰�む瘝喈む�苦�侧瘝 喈氞�ㄠ瘝喈む�苦�む瘝喈む��喁嬥�む瘉 喈囙�掂瘝喈掂�距�编瘉 喈む瘑喈班�苦�掂�苦�む瘝喈� 喈む�苦�班瘉喈む瘝喈む�ㄠ瘝喈む瘓, 喈呧畾喁嵿畾喈�喁堗畷喈赤�苦�┼瘝 喈む�┼�苦��喁嵿��喈熰瘝喈� 喈む�┼�苦�掂�班畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘓喈�喁佮��喁� 喈呧�掂�班瘝喈曕�赤瘉喈曕瘝喈曕瘉 喈ㄠ�苦�┼瘓喈掂瘋喈熰瘝喈熰�苦�┼�距�班瘝.

喈�喁佮�┼�苦�� 喈�喈苦�班�距�┼瘝喈氞�苦�膏瘝 喈�喁傕�┼瘝喈编�距��喁� 喈む瘉喈编�掂瘉 喈氞��喁�

鈥溹��喁佮�┼�苦�� 喈�喈苦�班�距�┼瘝喈氞�苦�膏�苦�┼瘝 喈�喈距�班��喁嵿��喈班�苦��喈む瘝喈む�苦�侧瘝 喈掂瘒喈班瘋喈┼瘝喈编�苦�� 喈ㄠ瘈喈權瘝喈曕�赤瘝, 喈氞��喁傕畷 喈掂�距�脆瘝喈曕瘝喈曕瘓, 喈夃�班瘉喈掂�距畷喁嵿畷喈�喁� (formation) 喈�喈编瘝喈编瘉喈�喁� 喈囙�编瘓喈�喈脆瘓喈む瘝喈む�侧瘝喈曕�赤�苦�侧瘝 喈曕�掂�┼��喁� 喈氞瘑喈侧瘉喈む瘝喈� 喈娻畷喁嵿畷喁佮�掂�苦畷喁嵿畷喈�喁嵿��喈熰瘉喈曕�苦�编瘈喈班瘝喈曕�赤瘝鈥� 喈庎�┼瘝喈编瘉喈�喁�, 鈥溹畮喈�喁嵿��喁嬥�む瘉喈�喁� 喈夃畽喁嵿畷喈赤�苦�┼瘝 "喈�喈┼�ㄠ瘝喈む�苦�班瘉喈�喁嵿��喁佮�む�侧瘝" 喈�喈┼��喁嵿��喈距�┼瘝喈�喁� 喈�喈编瘝喈编瘉喈�喁� 喈む瘖喈熰�班瘝喈氞瘝喈氞�苦��喈距�� 喈む�┼�苦��喁嵿��喈熰瘝喈� 喈�喈┼��喈距�编瘝喈编�む瘝喈む�距�侧瘝 喈掂�脆�苦�ㄠ疅喈む瘝喈む��喁嵿��喈熰瘉喈曕�苦�编瘈喈班瘝喈曕�赤瘝鈥� 喈庎�┼瘝喈编瘉喈�喁� 喈呧�掂�班瘝喈曕�赤瘉喈曕瘝喈曕瘉 喈庎疅喁佮�む瘝喈む瘉喈曕瘝喈曕�距疅喁嵿疅喈苦�┼�距�班瘝 喈む�苦�班瘉喈む瘝喈む�ㄠ瘝喈む瘓.

喈嗋��喁嵿��喈苦�班�苦畷喁嵿畷喈� 喈�喈编瘓喈�喈班��喁嵿��喁� 喈氞��喁�

鈥�1856-喈嗋��喁� 喈嗋�｀瘝喈熰瘉 喈掂�侧瘉喈掂�距�� 喈�喈编瘓喈�喈班��喁嵿��喁佮��喁� 喈�喈┼��喁嵿��喈距�┼瘝喈�喁堗��喁佮疅喈┼瘝 喈ㄠ�苦�编瘉喈掂��喁嵿��喈熰瘝喈� 喈夃畽喁嵿畷喈赤�苦�┼瘝 喈氞��喁�, 喈氞�掂�距�侧瘝喈曕�赤瘉喈曕瘝喈曕瘉 喈�喈む瘝喈む�苦��喈苦�侧瘉喈�喁� 喈�喈编瘓喈�喈班��喁嵿��喁佮�む�侧�苦�侧瘝 喈曕�距疅喁嵿疅喈苦�� 喈掂�苦畾喁佮�掂�距畾喈む瘝喈む�苦�编瘝喈曕�距畷 喈ㄠ瘈喈權瘝喈曕�赤瘝 喈�喈距�班�距疅喁嵿疅喈�喁嵿��喈熰瘉喈曕�苦�编瘈喈班瘝喈曕�赤瘝鈥� 喈庎�┼瘝喈编瘉喈�喁�, 鈥溹畮喈赤�苦��喁�, 喈�喈编瘝喈编�苦�┼瘝喈�喁� 喈�喈编瘝喈编瘉喈�喁� 喈ㄠ�编瘝喈氞瘑喈�喁嵿�む�苦��喁� 喈呧�编�苦�掂�苦��喁嵿��喈む�苦�侧瘝 喈ㄠ瘈喈權瘝喈曕�赤瘝 喈曕�距疅喁嵿疅喈苦�� 喈呧�班瘝喈�喁嵿��喈｀�苦��喁嵿��喁� 喈む�苦�班瘉喈呧�掂瘓喈曕瘝喈曕瘉 喈掄�班瘉 喈�喁佮畷喁嵿畷喈苦�� 喈氞�距�┼瘝喈编�距畷 喈呧��喁堗�ㄠ瘝喈む瘉喈赤瘝喈赤�む瘉鈥� 喈庎�┼瘝喈编瘉喈�喁� 喈氞瘉喈熰瘝喈熰�苦畷喁嵿畷喈距疅喁嵿疅喈苦�┼�距�班瘝 喈む�苦�班瘉喈む瘝喈む�ㄠ瘝喈む瘓.

喈む瘉喈｀瘓喈�喈距�赤�班�苦�┼瘝 喈�喈｀�苦��喈距�赤�班瘝喈曕�赤瘝 喈氞��喁�

鈥�1942-喈嗋��喁� 喈嗋�｀瘝喈熰瘉 喈氞�苦�班��喈む瘝喈む�苦�侧瘝 喈囙�班瘉喈曕瘝喈曕瘉喈�喁� 喈呧�班瘉喈赤瘝喈�喈｀�苦��喈距�赤�班瘝喈曕�赤瘓 喈嗋�む�班�苦��喁嵿��喈む�编瘝喈曕�距畷 喈ㄠ�苦�编瘉喈掂��喁嵿��喈熰瘝喈� 喈夃畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘝 喈氞��喁堗��喈苦�┼瘝 喈嗋�┼瘝喈�喈苦畷 喈�喈编瘝喈编瘉喈�喁� 喈夃�赤�掂�苦��喈侧瘝 喈曕瘉喈｀��喁嵿��喈熰瘉喈む瘝喈む瘉喈�喁� 喈�喈｀�� 喈�喈苦畷喈掂瘉喈�喁� 喈�喈む�苦��喁嵿��喁佮畷喁嵿畷喁佮�班�苦��喈む�距畷 喈囙�班瘉喈曕瘝喈曕�苦�┼瘝喈编�む瘉鈥� 喈庎�┼瘝喈编瘉喈�喁�, 鈥溹畨喈權瘝喈曕�赤�苦�┼瘝 喈�喈｀��, 喈呧�班瘉喈赤瘝喈�喈｀�苦��喈距�赤�班瘝喈曕�赤瘝 喈夃疅喁嵿��喈� 喈呧�┼瘓喈む瘝喈む瘉喈曕瘝 喈曕�苦�编�苦�膏瘝喈む�掂�班瘝喈曕�赤瘉喈曕瘝喈曕瘉喈�喁� 喈曕瘉喈｀��喁嵿��喈熰瘉喈む瘝喈む瘉喈む�侧瘉喈�喁� 喈囙�班畷喁嵿畷喈�喁佮��喁� 喈む瘒喈掂瘓 喈庎�┼瘝喈�喈む瘓 喈ㄠ�苦�┼瘓喈掂瘋喈熰瘝喈熰瘉喈曕�苦�编�む瘉鈥� 喈庎�┼瘝喈编瘉喈�喁� 喈庎疅喁佮�む瘝喈む瘉喈班瘓喈む瘝喈む�距�班瘝 喈む�苦�班瘉喈む瘝喈む�ㄠ瘝喈む瘓.

喈囙�编瘉喈む�苦��喈距畷, 鈥溹畨喈權瘝喈曕�赤瘝 喈呧�┼瘓喈掂�班�苦�┼瘝 喈ㄠ�编瘝喈�喈｀�苦畷喈赤瘝 喈氞�苦�编畷喁嵿畷 喈む瘋喈� 喈嗋�掂�苦��喈距�班瘝 喈夃畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘓 喈ㄠ�苦�班��喁嵿��喈� 喈掂�脆�苦�ㄠ疅喈む瘝喈む瘉喈掂�距�班�距畷!鈥� 喈庎�┼瘝喈编瘉 喈曕瘋喈编�� 喈む�┼�む瘉 喈呧��喁嵿��喁嬥�膏瘝喈む�侧�苦畷喁嵿畷 喈嗋畾喁�喈班瘓喈�喁佮��喁� 喈氞瘑喈�喈權瘝喈曕�赤瘓喈�喁佮��喁� 喈掂�脆畽喁嵿畷喈� 喈む�┼�む瘉 喈夃�班瘓喈�喁� 喈ㄠ�苦�编瘓喈掂瘉喈氞瘑喈�喁嵿�む�距�班瘝 喈む�苦�班瘉喈む瘝喈む�ㄠ瘝喈む瘓.