?.?.? ??????? ?Cop29 ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
???? ???? ???? ???? ?/????? ????
COP (?????? ??????) ?.?.? ?1992 ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? (UNCED) ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? (UNFCCC) ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? “???? ???” ???? ????? ? ??? ? ??? (????) ?????? ?.?.? ?1990 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? (IPCC) ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????
?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???
???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?.?.? ?1992 ?.? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? “??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???????” ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????
????? ?????? ?????? ?154 ???? ???? ?.?.? ? 2023 ?.? ??? ?198 ???? ?????
?.?.?. ? 1994 ?? ?? ??? ??? UNFCCC ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?.?.?. ? 1995 ??? ??????? COP1 ????? (????) ???? ? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????
??? ??? ??????
???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????- ???? ?????(?.?.? 1997) ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? (?.?.? 2015) ?25 ???? ??? ???? ??? 196 ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????
?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? 2 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? 1.5 ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????
??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?.?.?. ? 2017 ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??? ?.?.? ? 2021 ?.? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????
??? ??? ??? ???? ? COP -27 ???? ?? ?? ?.?.?. 2022 ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???....???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????
????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????
?.?.? ???? 30 ??? ???? 12 ?? 2023 ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? COP-28 ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????
??? ???
?.?.? 1992-1994 - ?? ??? ??? "??? ????" ?? UNFCCC
???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? (UNFCCC) ???? ???? ???? ??? “????” ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?.?.?. ? 1994 ?.? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? COP ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?.?.? ??? 2023 ??? ? 198 ???? ?????
?.?.? 1995 - ????? ? UNFCCC ????? ?????? ???? (COP1)
?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? COP1 ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????
?.?.?. ?1997 ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ? COP23 ????? ???? ???? ?????
???? ?.?.? ?1997 ?.? ?????? ?COP3 ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?.?.? ?1990 ??? ??? ????? 5 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? “COP and TRADE” (??-??-??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????) ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????
?.?.? 2001 - ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???
???? ????? ?.?.? ???? 2000 ?.? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?.?.? ????? 2001 ?.? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? (??????? ???? ???) ????? ????? "?????? ???" ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?.?.?. ???? 2001 ?.? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? (????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????) ?? ????? ?? ??????
2005 - ???? ?????????? ??
???? ????????? 55 ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?.?.?. ? 2008 ?? ? 2012 ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????-????? ???? ?.?.? ?1990 ????? 8 ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? 5 ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?.?.? ?1990 ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????
?.?.? 2007 - ???? 2.0 ???? ????
??? ?????? ? COP13 ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? (IPCC) ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? “??? ???? ????” ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?.?.? ? 2009 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?
?.?.? ?????? 2009 - ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????
??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?.?.? ?2020 ???? ?"??? ???" ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?25 ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? "???? ?????" ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????
?.?.? ???? 2009 - ??????? (?????) ? COP15 ?? ????? ???
???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ? COP15 ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? “???? ????? ???” ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?2°? (3.6°F) ????-?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? 1.5°C (2.7°F) ?????? ???? ???? ????? (?.?.? ?2009 ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ‘?????’ ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?3.5°? (6.3°F) ??? 7.4°C [13.3°F] ??????? ??????)? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? “?? ?????” ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? - ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
?.?.? ? 2010 ???? ???? ??? ? COP16 ????? (????)
??????? ???? ?? ?? ?.?.? ?2000-2009 ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? COP16 ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ? 2 ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ? 2 ° ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? "?100 ???? ??? ???" ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?.?.?. ?2019 ?? 3 ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????
?.?.? 2011- ??? ????? ? COP17 ???? ???? ??????
????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? -???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?.?.? ?2015 ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?.?.? 2017 ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????
?.?.? 2012 - ??? ? COP 18 ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????
??? ? COP18 ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?.?.? 2020 ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 15 ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? (????? ???? ??? ???????) ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
?.?.? 2013 - ? G77 ?? ??????? ???? (????) ? COP19 ???? ?????
?????? ?????? ???? (UN) ????? ??? 77 (G77) ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?135 ??? ???? ???? ???
????? ?????? ? COP19 ?????? ???? ???? ???? (G77) ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? “??? ?? ???” ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?G77 ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? 'REDD' ???? ??????? (???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????) ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? "????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? COP" ??? ??? ??????
?.?.? 2015 - ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????
196 ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? - ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? (NDCs) ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?.?.? ???? 2016 ?.? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ? 2 ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ? 1.5 ° ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?.?.?. ? 2017 ?.? ?????? ???? ?. ???? ????? ?? "??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????" ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?
?.?.? 2018 - ???? ????? ???? ??????
????? ???? ? COP24 ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? - ???? ???? ???? ??? ????-?????? ??? ?1.5°????? ?? ?? ?? ?2030 ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?.?.? 2019 ?????? ??????
?.?.? ?????? 2019- ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???
?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? “NDCs” Nationally Determined Contributions (???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? 1.5 ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??) ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?.?.? ?2030 ???? ??? ?? ???? ?45 ??? ????? ?? ?.?.? ?2050 ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????
?.?.? ????? 2019- ????? (???) ??? ? COP25 ????? ????
COP25 ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????
?.?.? ???? 2020 - ????-19 ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????
?????? ?????? ???? ???-19 ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?.?.? ????? 2020 ?????? COP26? ??? ?.?.? 2021 ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????
?.?.? ???? 2021 - ????? (??????) ??? ?COP26 ??? ???? ?? ?????
???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 60 ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? NDCs COP26 ??? ????? ??-???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?.?.? ?2005 ?.? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?.?.? ?2030 ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?.?.? ?2019 ?.? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??-???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?1.5 ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????
?.?.? 2021 - 1.5°C ?? ?????? ?COP26 ????
?COP26 ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? 1.5 ??? ??? ??? ????? “???”?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? - ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? - ?? ?????? ?.?.? ? 2022 ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?.?.? ? 2030 ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? 2.1 ° ? (3.8°F) ????? ?? ???????
?.?.? 2022 - ???? ?? ?? ? COP27 ??? ?? ??? ?? ???
? COP27 ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?.?.? ?2025 ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????/????? "??? ???" ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????
?.?.? 2024 COP29 ??????? ??
?.?.? ?2024? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? COP29 ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?.?.? ???? 11 ??? 22 ?? 2024 ?.? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????
??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? "????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????" ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? “????? ?????? ??? ?????” ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????
?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???-
????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? “?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???” ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ? COP29 ??? ? 50 ?? ??? ?????? "?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???" ?? "????? ????? ??????? ?????" ?? ????? ????? "?? ????? ??" ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? “??? ??? ??? ?????? ????” ?????? ?? ???? ??????? “????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????” ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????
????? ?? ???? ????
????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? “????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????" ?? ??????